Kurulus Osman 88 Episode (Season 3) ATV Watch Online Video & Download Urdu, English, Hindi Subtitles

Kurulus Osman 88 Episode (Season 3) ATV Watch Online Video & Download Urdu, English, Hindi Subtitles

It is far easier to find contemporary evidence about Orhan, the son, than about Osman, the father. Two of Orhan ’ s inscriptions survive, and copies of three of his trust deeds; he appears by name in Mongol accounting records; u_ and he is mentioned in Persian and Arabic sources. Ibn Battuta claimed to have met Orhan, “ the greatest of the kings of the Turkmens and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces.

” Orhan “ fought with the infidels continually,” and moved regularly between his more than one hundred castles, checking that they were in good repair, never staying more than a month in any one place.^ Ibn Battuta ’ s impression of Orhan as engaged in incessant combat is emphatically supported by Greek writers who left accounts. He and his men took Bursa (Bursa) in 1326 after a long siege, and by the next year he was minting coins there, as a surviving silver piece shows.

Nicaea ( İ znik) fell to Orhan ’ s forces in 1331 and Nicomedia ( İ znikmid, İ zmit) in 1337. Kurulus Osman 87 English Subtitle Conquest of these three major Greek cities, Bursa, Nicaea, and Nicomedia, made Orhan the master of the whole region of Bithynia. Orhan was only one of many Turkish rulers Ibn Battuta met in his tour of Asia Minor. Turkmen clans fleeing the Mongol invasions supplied the manpower for many an ambitious lord who plundered the river valleys and coasts of the Black Sea, Marmara and Aegean, beginning in the 1290s. Several of them besides Orhan used their armed bands to create rudimentary administrative structures.

By 1340 they controlled most of the overland routes and caravan towns of the river valleys and, on the coasts, joined the contest for the ports and shipping lanes between Byzantium and the Italian maritime states. The Turkish lords of these borderlands and their followers seemed coarse and unruly not just to the Greeks but also to the urbane Muslim writers of “ Rum, ” or Rome, the name given to the upland plateau because it used to be within the Roman Empire. Islamic culture had prevailed there for more than two hundred years under the rule of the Seljuk dynasty, 13 which had governed a cultured, Persian-influenced kingdom centered at Konya.

The newcomers were semi-nomads who proudly spoke southwestern (i.e. Oghuz; see figure 1.3) Turkic languages. Their lifestyle was based on raiding as well as stock breeding and marketing the products of their herds.^ Their holy men and dervishes were eager to carry Islam into new lands. Kurulus Osman 87 English Subtitle Vassals of the Mongol rulers of Iran (the Ilkhanids), their appearance was linked to events of the previous century, beyond the horizons of their own memories, when commercial and political relations throughout Southwestern Eurasia had been dramatically disrupted by the Mongol advance.

By 1260 political fallout from the Mongol incursions had produced three powerful kingdoms in Southwestern Eurasia. Two were Mongol – the Golden Horde in the lower Volga valley and the steppe north of the Black Sea; and the Ilkhanids in Iran, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus, with a capital at Tabriz. The third was the Mamluk Sultanate, founded not by Mongols but by Kipchak Turkish slave officers who overthrew their Ayyubid masters and seized power in Cairo in 1250.

The Mamluks ruled Egypt, Arabia, and coastal Syria. Between and around and among these three major kingdoms, from the Danube River to the upper Euphrates and Tigris, dozens of Slavic, Latin, Greek, Armenian, and Turkish nobles and lords, their names long forgotten, engaged in intense and often violent competition for control of the endpoints of the great Eurasian trade routes.